A novel 3-D higher-order finite-difference time-domain framework with complexfrequency-shifted perfectly matched layer for the modeling of wave propagationin cold plasma is presented. Second- and fourth-order spatial approximationsare used to discretize Maxwell's curl equations and a uniaxial perfectlymatched layer with the complex frequency-shifted equations is introduced toterminate the computational domain. A numerical dispersion study of second- andhigher-order techniques is elaborated and their stability criteria areextracted for each scheme. Comparisons with analytical solutions verify theaccuracy of the proposed methods and the low dispersion error of thehigher-order schemes.
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